Access Is Not the Same as Outcomes: Why the EU-India FTA Will Be Won or Lost in Execution
Trade agreements increasingly operate in an environment where tariffs are no longer the principal barrier to cross-border commerce. Instead, outcomes are shaped by regulatory systems, institutional capacity, and the ability of firms to manage complexity across jurisdictions.
Why MSMEs Rarely Capture the Full Upside of FTAs — And What Actually Changes That
The EU–India Free Trade Agreement is unlikely to be an exception. While the agreement significantly expands legal access across goods and services, the factors that determine whether MSMEs can use that access lie largely outside the tariff schedules themselves.